BACKGROUND:: To investigate the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field findings in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). METHODS:: Ten eyes of 10 patients with genetically confirmed FRDA were included in this study. Twenty-two eyes of 22 age- and sex-matched volunteers served as controls. All eyes were examined with spectral domain OCT (Retinascan Advanced RS-3000; NIDEK) and Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA II 750; Zeiss-Humphrey Systems). RESULTS:: OCT measurements of the average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, average peripapillary retinal thickness (RT), and foveal RT showed a statistically significant reduction in patients with FRDA (P < 0.0001). There was no statistically ...

Purpose: To describe the choroidal findings in eyes affected by choroidal osteoma imaged by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Methods: Retrospective case series. Results: Seven eyes from five patients with choroidal osteoma were included in the study. Patients mean age of presentation was 26 years (median, 34; range, 6-37 years) and mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/32 (median, 20/20; range, 20/20-20/200). Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography examination revealed normal inner retina in all the cases and normal outer retina in three eyes. Abnormalities included irregularities in external limiting membrane (n = 2), myoid zone (n ...

Purpose: To investigate the changes in the subfoveal choroidal thickness measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography after a single administration of a cup of coffee in healthy subjects. Methods: In this prospective study, 62 healthy subjects (study group) who received a cup of 100 mL Turkish coffee (57 mg caffeine/100 mL) and 54 healthy subjects (control group) who received the same amount of water were enrolled. In the study group, the participants underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scanning at baseline, and at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, and ...

Purpose: To describe the clinical features of hemorrhagic complications secondary to optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Sixty-three consecutive patients with SD-OCT-documented ONHD who presented at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from December 2009 to July 2012 were included. Full ophthalmologic examinations, including fundus photographs, SD-OCT, fundus angiography, and visual field tests were analyzed in a total of 101 ONHD-positive eyes from 63 patients. Results: Hemorrhagic ONHD complications were found in 7 eyes (7%) from a total of 101 eyes with ONHD. All of them had buried ONHD (visualized with SD-OCT) and myopia ...

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic validity of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness deviation map algorithm using Cirrus high definition-optical coherence tomography to discriminate between normal controls and patients with preperimetric or early glaucoma. Patients and Methods: Seventy-two normal controls, 37 patients with preperimetric glaucoma and 70 patients with early glaucoma were enrolled. mGCIPL thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness were measured by Cirrus high definition-optical coherence tomography. Areas showing abnormal color coding were obtained by customized Image J software calculating the number of abnormal superpixels at 1% and 5% level in each deviation map of ...

Purpose of review: To review optical imaging technologies in urologic surgery aimed to facilitate intraoperative imaging and tissue interrogation. Recent findings: Emerging new optical imaging technologies can be integrated in the operating room environment during minimally invasive and open surgery. These technologies include macroscopic fluorescence imaging that provides contrast enhancement between normal and diseased tissue and microscopic imaging that provides tissue characterization. Summary: Optical imaging technologies that have reached the clinical arena in urologic surgery were reviewed, including photodynamic diagnosis, near infrared fluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, and confocal laser endomicroscopy.

Purpose: To investigate the morphologic and topographic characteristics of intraretinal cystoid spaces in eyes with Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel 2). Methods: Using B-scan and en face images of eyes with MacTel 2 taken from a spectral domain optical coherence tomography database, the circularities and mean gray values of the cystoid spaces were measured to determine their boundaries and reflectivity. The characteristics of cystoid spaces in MacTel 2 eyes were compared with those in eyes with Type 1 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel 1), retinal vein occlusion, and diabetic macular edema, which are caused by vascular leakage. The cystoid spaces ...

Purposes: To evaluate the multimodal imaging findings in retinal deep capillary ischemia (DCI). Methods: This was a retrospective review of 5 eyes of 4 patients with sudden onset of paracentral scotomas caused by DCI. Multimodal imaging techniques, including color and red-free photographs, near-infrared reflectance, fluorescein angiography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, were performed in all eyes, and the findings were correlated with microperimetry in two eyes. Imaging findings in DCI were compared with those of a cotton wool spot caused by superficial capillary ischemia (SCI). Results: Unlike SCI, the imaging findings in DCI were subtler during both the acute and ...

Purpose: To evaluate and compare optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between large discs and normal-sized vital discs using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: A total of 293 healthy eyes (145 with macrodisc and 148 with normal-sized disc) were enrolled in the study. After a complete ophthalmic evaluation, measurement of optic nerve head parameters and RNFL thickness using OCT was performed in all subjects. Optic disc areas larger than 2.80 mm2 were accepted as macrodiscs. All OCT parameters were compared between normal-sized discs and macrodiscs. Results: Participants' mean age was 46.5+/-10 ...

Purpose: The study investigated the applicability of the inferior>=superior>=nasal>=temporal neuroretinal rim thickness (ISNT) rule to rim thickness measured using Cirrus high-definition spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT) in healthy eyes and eyes with glaucoma. Methods: Rim thicknesses of 4 quadrants were investigated using the rim thickness curve of Cirrus HD-OCT for 40 eyes with mild glaucoma (mean deviation >=-6 dB), 40 eyes with moderate to advanced glaucoma (mean deviation <-6 dB), and 80 healthy eyes (control group). The relative amount of rim loss in each quadrant in the glaucoma group compared with the control group was calculated ...

Purpose: To develop and evaluate an improved method of generating en face fundus images from three-dimensional optical coherence tomography images which enhances the visualization of drusen. Methods: We describe a novel approach, the restricted summed-voxel projection (RSVP), to generate en face projection images of the retinal surface combined with an image processing method to enhance drusen visualization. The RSVP approach is an automated method that restricts the projection to the retinal pigment epithelium layer neighborhood. Additionally, drusen visualization is improved through an image processing technique that fills drusen with bright pixels. The choroid layer is also excluded when creating the ...

Background: Successful development of topical rectal microbicides requires preclinical evaluation in suitable large animal models. Our previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) to visualize subclinical microbicide toxicity in the sheep vagina. In the current study, we evaluated the potential application of colonoscopy and OCT to visualize and quantify the effects of topical products on sheep colorectal tissue, as assessed by advanced imaging techniques. Methods: Yearling virginal female sheep were treated rectally with a single 8-mL dose of 0.2% benzalkonium chloride (BZK) solution or phosphate-buffered saline control. Imaging was performed before and 30 minutes ...

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of corneal epithelial thickness (ET) and corneal thickness (CT) measurements in normal eyes and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)-treated eyes using optical coherence tomography (RTVue system). Methods: In 35 right eyes of 35 normal subjects and 45 right eyes of 45 subjects who underwent a myopic LASIK, corneal ET and CT were evaluated in 17 areas: (1) 1 central zone within a 0- to 2.0-mm diameter, (2) 8 paracentral zones from a 2.0- to 5.0-mm diameter, and (3) 8 peripheral zones from a 5.0- to 6.0-mm diameter. The repeatability ...

PURPOSE:: There are well-established differences in optic nerve morphology between patients of African and European descent. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning has demonstrated these differences with respect to optic disc area (DA), average cup-disc ratio, cup volume, and nerve fiber layer thickness. However, the term "African descent" describes a heterogenous group with considerable variability. This study evaluates differences in optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters as measured by Cirrus HD-OCT between Caribbean black and African American patients. DESIGN AND METHODS:: A total of 25 African American subjects and 25 Caribbean black subjects with normal ocular ...

Purpose: To describe the vitreoretinal interface of the asymptomatic fellow eyes of patients with acute unilateral posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) based on biomicroscopic examination and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Methods: Sixty-five eyes of 65 consecutive patients with acute unilateral PVD were examined by slit-lamp, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The state of PVD in different retinal locations and premacular pocket were assessed and graded using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results: Nine eyes (13.85%) had no PVD, 15 (23.08%) had extrafoveal vitreous separation (Stage 1), 18 (27.69%) had partial foveal vitreous separation (Stage ...

PURPOSE: To determine which of three estimates of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) correlate best with visual field sensitivity measured using standard automated perimetry (SAP). METHODS: Data were collected from 400 eyes of 209 participants enrolled in the Portland Progression Project. These individuals ranged from high-risk suspects to having non-end-stage glaucoma. In each eye, three measures of average RNFLT (spectral domain optical coherence tomography [SDOCT], scanning laser polarimetry [SLP], confocal scanning laser tomography [CSLT]) and SAP (Humphrey HFAII) were performed on the same day. Mean deviation (MD), mean sensitivity (MS), and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were linearized using the ...

Purpose: To compare the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular thickness, and total macular volume of high myopic eyes with those of low myopic eyes in children younger than 10 years. Methods: Prospective, randomized, comparative study. Time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Stratus OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec) was performed on 15 children with high myopia (refractive error greater than or equal to -6.0 diopters [D], group 1) and 20 children with low myopia (0 less than refractive error from -0.25 to -3.0 D, group 2). Fast RNFL scan and a fast macular scan with OCT were ...

Purpose of review: This review investigates the contribution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to monitoring of neurodegeneration in the anterior visual pathway of patients with neuromyelitis optica, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Despite a ‘normal’ regular ophthalmologic examination, some patients present visual complaints, and OCT might better explain the mechanism associated to neuronal and axonal losses that contribute to this clinical condition. Recent findings: The eye can be considered a ‘window’ to the central nervous system that can be directly accessed through OCT. Prior studies have suggested that pathologic processes in the brain are very similar to what ...

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and to determine the visual prognostic factors. Methods: We retrospectively studied 56 eyes of 49 patients who had the diagnosis of CSC. Patients were categorized into subgroups depending on symptoms and clinical findings. Together with the overall foveal integrity of inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) and external limiting membrane, several features of CSC including hyperreflective dots and hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium were investigated with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Thickness measurements within the retina ...

Purpose: To compare drusen measurements obtained from color fundus and infrared retromode photographs with those derived from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Methods: Drusen lesions identified on the planar (color and infrared) imaging modalities were manually segmented by two independent graders using previously described reading center software to produce quantitative measurements of drusen area and number. The corresponding volume Cirrus OCT datasets were analyzed using commercial retinal pigment epithelium analysis algorithms to segment the retinal pigment epithelium band and estimated the drusen area. Drusen numbers were extracted from retinal pigment epithelium elevation maps. Intraclass correlation coefficients assessed agreement between graders; graders ...

Purpose: To describe the spectrum of pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) occurring mainly in age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy and also in other inflammatory, neoplastic and iatrogenic, retinal, and systemic disorders. Methods: Pigment epithelial detachments are divided into drusenoid, serous, vascularized, or mixed categories. Results: The clinical presentation, classification, and natural history of PEDs are reviewed as illustrated with multimodal imaging combining traditional and novel imaging techniques, including fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Most PEDs occur because of pathophysiologic mechanisms taking place below the retinal pigment epithelium that are difficult to ...

Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) in a pediatric patient and the complementary use of advanced noninvasive imaging techniques to confirm this diagnosis. Case Report: A 15-year-old female adolescent with type 1 diabetes and no ocular history was seen at a routine screening without complaints. Visual acuity was 20/20 bilaterally, and visual fields using frequency doubling technology (Zeiss Humphrey Systems, Dublin, CA) were within normal limits. Fundus photography (CX-1 Mydriatic/Non-Mydriatic Hybrid Digital Retinal Camera, Canon, Toyko, Japan) showed slight elevation of the left disc margin, with lack of physiologic cup, elevation of ...

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Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) demonstrate thinning of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and decreased macular volume as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). To our knowledge, there are no previous reports from a large MS OCT database with strict quality control measures that quantitate RNFL and macula in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Methods: The University of California Davis OCT Reading Center gathered OCT data at baseline as part of the North American phase 3 trial of fingolimod (Gilenya). Average RNFL thickness (RNFLT) and macular volume (TMV) were measured using time domain OCT (TD-OCT). RNFL quadrants, clock ...