Background: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Several techniques exist for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) is a recently developed technique that provides a quantitative assessment of the microcirculation of the retina and choroid in a fast, noninvasive way. Despite it being a novel technique, several publications have already been done in the glaucoma field. However, a summary of findings is currently lacking. Aims: To perform a literature review to assess the role of OCTA in glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up. Methods: A database search was carried out using MEDLINE, Embase ...

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of vessel density measurements in the peripapillary retina using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and to analyze the correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in healthy subjects. Method: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were recruited in the study. The optic disc region was scanned three times with spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) and split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography by two skilled examiners. Vessel density of the peripapillary retina was automatically calculated by the software RTVue-XR (version 2015.1.1.98). The RNFL thickness on the optic nerve head was measured by SD-OCT. The coefficient of variation (CV), coefficient ...

Chestnut burrs, the thorny encapsulation of chestnut fruit, can sometimes cause corneal injuries and ulceration, with poor prognoses. We report a case of corneal perforation and damaged anterior lens capsule due to a chestnut burr, using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). A 67-year-old woman with a chestnut burr injury in her right eye was referred to our hospital. Her right best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.8. Slit-lamp examination and AS-OCT showed perforation involving the endothelial layer at the center of the cornea. The iris and anterior lens capsule were damaged. Cell infiltration was observed around the wound. Bacterial ...

Aim: Comparison of choroidal thickness (CT) and foveal morphology as seen with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in children with a history of treated or spontaneously regressed retinopathy of prematurity (tROP or srROP) to assess the impact on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Methods: CT was measured by SS-OCT (DRI-OCT Triton; Topcon, USA) single scans of a 6-mm diameter around the fovea in 17 children with tROP or srROP (4–7 years of age) and compared to 25 controls (age-matched children and adults). The disproportion of the outer nuclear layer and inner retinal layers at the fovea (i.e., the ONL ...

Purpose: To report a case of foveal neovascularization in a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy as seen on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Methods: Multimodal imaging was used for diagnostic investigation. Patient: A 61-year-old male with a 16-year history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was referred to our medical retina department for examination and management. Meticulous fundus examination and multimodal imaging revealed proliferative diabetic retinopathy lesions, including neovascularization located in the foveal area. Results: OCT-A allowed us to detect the neovascular lesion, confirm that it originated from perifoveal capillaries, estimate its retinal depth, and evaluate the vessel blood flow in multiple ...

The choriocapillaris (CC) represents a fundamentally important vascular layer that is subject to physiologic changes with increasing age and that is also associated with a wide range of chorioretinal diseases. So far, information on blood flow in this specific layer has remained limited. With the advent of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), new perspectives and possibilities of CC imaging have begun to evolve. This article shall review the opportunities and challenges of applying OCTA technology to the CC layer and summarize the current clinical efforts in OCTA CC imaging exemplarily in dry age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy.

Objectives: We sought to clarify clinical features and outcomes related to calcified nodules (CN) compared with plaque rupture (PR) and plaque erosion (PE) detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at the culprit lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: Based on OCT findings for culprit lesion plaque morphologies, ACS patients with analyzable OCT images ( n = 362) were classified as CN, PR, PE, and other. Results: The prevalence of CN, PR, and PE was 6% ( n = 21), 45% ( n = 163), and 41% ( n = 149), respectively. Patients with CN were older (median 71 vs. 65 years, p = 0.03) and ...

Objectives: We sought to clarify clinical features and outcomes related to calcified nodules (CN) compared with plaque rupture (PR) and plaque erosion (PE) detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at the culprit lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: Based on OCT findings for culprit lesion plaque morphologies, ACS patients with analyzable OCT images ( n = 362) were classified as CN, PR, PE, and other. Results: The prevalence of CN, PR, and PE was 6% ( n = 21), 45% ( n = 163), and 41% ( n = 149), respectively. Patients with CN were older (median 71 vs. 65 years, p = 0.03) and ...

Purpose: To report a case of retinal detachment with unique optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings after Gamma Knife® (GK; Elekta Instrument AB, Stockholm, Sweden) treatment for choroidal melanoma (CM). Case Report: A 48-year-old woman underwent GK therapy for CM in her right eye from the macula to the temporal side. While the tumor subsequently shrank, the patient developed radiation retinopathy, which was treated with laser photocoagulation. The tumor lesions later subsided; however, her visual acuity (VA) decreased 8 years after the initial treatment. Although the tumor lesions in the right eye had become scarred, a bullous retinal detachment with fixed ...

Purpose: To evaluate two different spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan patterns in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for the longitudinal assessment of drusen volume. Methods: The data of 38 eyes of 38 AMD patients (age 69.97 ± 6.08 years) were included. The longitudinal drusen volume over 4 years was analyzed by annual SD-OCT raster scanning (field size 20 × 15°). Two raster scan patterns (A/B) differed in the distance between neighboring B-scans (240 vs. 30 µm) and in the number of averaged frames (4 vs. 15). Results: The mean drusen volume at baseline was 0.213 ...

Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography provide information about the normal retinal and choroidal vascular perfusion. They allow the evaluation of different diseases and increase the capability to define and diagnose several pathological conditions. Fluorescein angio graphy is the “gold standard” in imaging the retinal vascular bed and its changes, although not all the different layers of the capillary network can be visualized in a bidimensional examination. Optical coherence tomography angiography allows a depth-resolved visualization of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature, by calculating the difference (decorrelation) between static and nonstatic tissue. Given that the main moving elements in the eye ...

Background/Aims: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has become a mainstay of ophthalmic practice that has revolutionized the assessment and treatment of a variety of ocular disorders. Studies that directly correlate SD-OCT and histopathology are necessary to demonstrate the actual nature of the retinal pathology responsible for the images that resemble histologic sections, but are generated by mathematical algorithms. Methods: Careful correlative light microscopy was performed on a small number of eyes undergoing enucleation for intraocular tumors that had pertinent findings imaged by SD-OCT. Expeditious processing and a fixation technique that prevented retinal detachment minimized tissue distortion and sectioning ...

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic ability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) with indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods: Retrospective review of 47 eyes with PCV imaged with ICGA and OCTA. For each eye, it was determined which imaging modality better delineated the PCV complex. The presence of a branching vascular network (BVN) and polyp(s) were noted. Results: PCV was better visualized with ICGA in 21 eyes (44.7%) and with OCTA in 9 eyes (19.2%). The results were comparable in 17 eyes (36.2%). Of the 44 eyes with BVN on ICGA, 41 ...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) features of patients who underwent successful macular hole (MH) surgery. Methods: Nineteen patients who underwent surgery in a single eye due to MH and 13 healthy subjects as a control group were included in the study. Vascular densities, flow indexes, and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses were evaluated by OCTA in the right eyes of the control group, and both the surgical and healthy fellow eyes of the patients. Results: The mean vascular densities of the superficial ...

Introduction: We conducted a multimodal, cross-sectional evaluation. Methods: Eyes were divided into 4 study groups: controls, early/intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD), fellow eyes of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), and RAP eyes. Patients were evaluated with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth imaging-OCT, and OCT angiography (OCTA). OCTA images were processed to generate maps of the vessel density and perfusion density of the superficial and deep retinal layers (SRL and DRL) and the choriocapillaris level (CL). The thickness of the outer nuclear layer and choroid was manually assessed. Results: We included 135 eyes of 100 patients (51 controls, 30 ...

Background: We aimed to determine the physiological symmetry, with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, of choroidal measurements in a healthy population in all the areas defined in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Methods: One hundred and fifty-four eyes of 77 healthy young adults between the ages of 19 and 32 years were enrolled. Differences in choroidal thickness (CT) and volume (CV) between the left and right eyes were calculated. Normal ranges of absolute interocular differences were established as the 95th percentile. Results: The mean ± SD subfoveal CT (SFCT) and total CV values in the right and left eyes were ...

Purpose: To assess changes in the thickness of the subfoveal retina and choroid after phacoemulsification using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 patients. The subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured at 7 points and the retinal thickness was measured at 5 points (before surgery, and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery). Results: The foveal choroidal thickness showed a thickening trend (but p > 0.05). Compared to the change from baseline to day 1, the changes from baseline were significantly different at nasal 3 mm and 6 ...

Purpose: To study the early changes of vitreomacular microstructure by optical coherence tomography (OCT) after intravitreal gas injection for the treatment of idiopathic impending or early full-thickness macular hole (FTMH). Methods: A retrospective, interventional case series. Results: A total of 21 eyes were included. In the impending macular hole, 8/8 achieved vitreomacular traction (VMT) release, while a macular hole developed in 1 case. On postoperative day 1, the vitreomacular configuration by OCT showed either a flattening ( n = 3) or elevation ( n = 1) pattern. In early FTMH, vitreomacular separation was achieved in 10/13 cases, but macular hole closure was ...

To investigate the impact of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) morphological predictive markers on visual acuity and outcome using ocriplasmin for macular hole and vitreomacular traction syndrome. Methods: A series of 40 patients in a retrospective study received intravitreal ocriplasmin. The primary endpoint was defined as morphological resolution of vitreomacular traction or closure of a macular hole. We analyzed the impact of pre- and postinjection SD-OCT findings on the outcome and visual acuity. Results: Thirteen of the 40 patients benefited from treatment. Statistical correlation between baseline characteristics and outcome revealed that higher foveal thickness ( p = 0.018) and nontractional ...

Aims: To evaluate and compare peripapillary choroidal thickness (PPCT) in a wide area around the optic disk and various choroidal established zones in healthy controls and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using a new swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) device. Methods: A total of 246 eyes were finally included in this observational, prospective, cross-sectional study: 111 healthy controls and 135 POAG patients. The healthy subjects were divided into 2 populations: the teaching population (25 used to establish choroidal zones) and the validating population (86 used for comparing choroidal thickness with POAG patients). A 26 × 26 cube grid centered on ...

Purpose: We present the evolution of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) in a male patient using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a long-term follow-up time of 15 years. Case Description: A 10-year-old male patient presented at the Medical Retina Department of our hospital complaining for blurred vision in both eyes. At the initial presentation in 2001, his best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/12 in both eyes on the Snellen chart. Based on clinical and OCT findings, the diagnosis of XLRS was made, and it was confirmed by genetic testing. No treatment was performed, but the patient was regularly examined ...

Aim: To compare ganglion cell (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness in patients at different stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), determine their sensitivity and specificity values, and correlate thickness values with mean deviations (MD). Methods: This prospective, cross- sectional study was conducted in a group of patients with confirmed POAG who were compared to an age- and gender-matched control group. Glaucomatous damage was classified according to the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson scale: glaucoma stage 1 (early), glaucoma stage 2 (moderate), and glaucoma stage 3 (severe). The average, minimum, and all 6 sectoral (superotemporal, superior, superonasal, inferonasal, inferior, and inferotemporal) GCL + IPL ...

Introduction: The aim of this work was to describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) features in paediatric Leber-Coats disease. Methods: Three children presenting with unilateral, clinically active Leber-Coats disease were evaluated using spectral domain OCT and OCTA. OCT angiograms were analysed and compared with the current literature. Results: All 3 OCT angiograms showed that the vessels had lost most of their collateral branches and presented many loops. The capillaries were rarefied and anomalies in vessel size, vasodilatation, and macroaneurysms were evident. Conclusion: This is the first case series of OCTA performed in children with Leber-Coats disease. OCTA is ...

Purpose: To evaluate outcome predictors of aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration pretreated with ranibizumab based on a treat-and-extend regimen (TER). Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of 18-month follow-up of 45 consecutive patients with limited response to ranibizumab. Results: At month 18, mean central retinal thickness and intraretinal fluid (IRF) height were significantly reduced. The recurrence-free treatment interval (RFTI) increased from 7.0 ± 1.8 to 8.5 ± 2.4 weeks ( p = 0.01); visual acuity remained stable. At month 18, 58.1% of patients showed a longer RFTI. At month 12, eyes with baseline subretinal fluid (SRF) had ...