A three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) crystalline lens imaging method based on oblique scanning and image stitching is presented. The method was designed to increase OCT imaging volume of crystalline lens in vivo . A long-range swept-source (SS)-OCT imaging system, which can measure the entire anterior segment of eye in a single acquisition, is used to acquire one central volume and 4 extra volumes with different angles between optical axis of OCT instrument and the pupillary axis. The volumes are then stitched automatically by developed software. To show its effectiveness and verify its validity, we scanned the subjects before and ...

Fast 3D volumetric imaging has been essential for biology, medicine and industrial inspections, and various optical coherence tomography (OCT) methods have been developed to meet such needs. Point-scanning based approaches, such as swept-source OCT and spectral domain OCT, can obtain a depth information at once, but they require lateral scan for full 3D imaging. On the contrary, full-field OCT needs the scanning of imaging depth while it records a full lateral information at once. Here, we present a full-field OCT system that can obtain multi-depth information at once by a single-shot recording. We combine a 2D diffraction grating and a ...

Speckle noise and retinal shadows within OCT B-scans occlude important edges, fine textures and deep tissues, preventing accurate and robust diagnosis by algorithms and clinicians. We developed a single process that successfully removed both noise and retinal shadows from unseen single-frame B-scans within 10.4ms. Mean average gradient magnitude (AGM) for the proposed algorithm was 57.2% higher than current state-of-the-art, while mean peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR), and structural similarity index metric (SSIM) increased by 11.1%, 154% and 187% respectively compared to single-frame B-scans. Mean intralayer contrast (ILC) improvement for the retinal ...

Parallel line-field Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (LF-FDOCT) has emerged to enable relatively higher speeds than the conventional FDOCT system. In the LF-FDOCT, one B-scan is captured at a time instead of scanning the beam to acquire hundreds of A-scans. On the other hand, spectroscopic OCT using the visible waveband provides absorption information over multiple wavelengths at each voxel. This information of spectral absorption enables quantitative measurement of blood oxygenation, voxel by voxel. Here, we presented the design and optimization of a LF-FDOCT system at the visible waveband (520–620 nm), especially using a generic Camera Link area sensor (2048 × 1088 ...

Differential artery-vein (AV) analysis is essential for retinal study, disease detection, and treatment assessment. This study is to characterize vascular reflectance profiles and blood flow patterns of retinal artery and vein systems in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA), and establish them as robust signatures for objective AV classification. A custom designed OCT was employed for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of mouse retina, and corresponding OCTA was reconstructed. Radially resliced OCT B-scans revealed two, i.e. top and bottom, hyperreflective wall boundaries in retinal arteries, while these wall boundaries were absent in OCT of retinal veins. Additional OCTA analysis ...

In this paper we present a fully automated graph-based segmentation algorithm that jointly uses optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) data to segment Bruch's membrane (BM). This is especially valuable in cases where the spatial correlation between BM, which is usually not visible on OCT scans, and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is often used as a surrogate for segmenting BM, is distorted by pathology. We validated the performance of our proposed algorithm against manual segmentation in a total of 18 eyes from healthy controls and patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR), non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD ...

While it is a common practice to increase the speed of swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems by using a high-speed source, this approach may not always be optimal. Parallelization in the form of multiple imaging beams is an alternative approach, but scalable and low-loss multi-beam OCT architectures are needed to capitalize on its advantages. In this study, we demonstrate an eight-beam OCT system using an interferometer architecture comprising planar lightwave circuits (PLC) splitters, V-groove assemblies (VGA), and optical ribbon fibers. We achieved an excess loss and heterodyne efficiency on each channel that was close to that of single-beam systems ...

Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) has enabled new spectroscopic applications, such as retinal oximetry, as a result of increased optical absorption and scattering contacts in biological tissue and improved axial resolution. Besides extracting tissue properties from back-scattered light, spectroscopic analyses must consider spectral alterations induced by image reconstruction itself. We investigated an intrinsic spectral bias in the background noise floor, which is hereby referred to as the spectrally-dependent background (SDBG). We developed an analytical model to predict the SDBG-induced bias and validated this model using numerically simulated and experimentally acquired data. We found that SDBG systemically altered the measured spectra ...

In this study, we developed a line-field Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (LF-FDOCT) system that performs lateral scanning using a two-dimension spatial light modulator and detects multiple channels of spectral domain OCT signal in parallel using a two-dimensional sensor. The LF-FDOCT system eliminates the need for mechanical scanning to acquire volumetric OCT data. It allows parallel acquisition of signal for B mode scan imaging through snapshot detection and offers unprecedented flexibility to select a fast scanning dimension. In this work, we describe the principle of LF-FDOCT imaging and present experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology.

A new method is presented for full-field optical coherence tomography imaging, which permits capturing single shot phase sensitive imaging through simultaneous acquisition of four phase-shifted images with a single camera using unpolarized light for object illumination. Our method retains the full dynamic range of the camera by using different areas of a single camera sensor to capture each image. We demonstrate the performance of our method by imaging phantoms and live cultures of fibroblast, cancer, and macrophage cells to achieve 59 dB sensitivity with isotropic resolution down to 1 μm, and displacement sensitivity down to 0.1 nm. Our method ...

Motion contrast optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) entails a precise identification of dynamic flow signals from the static background, but an intermediate region with voxels exhibiting a mixed distribution of dynamic and static scatterers is almost inevitable in practice, which degrades the vascular contrast and connectivity. In this work, the static-dynamic intermediate region was pre-defined according to the asymptotic relation between inverse signal-to-noise ratio (iSNR) and decorrelation, which was theoretically derived for signals with different flow rates based on a multi-variate time series (MVTS) model. Then the ambiguous voxels in the intermediate region were further differentiated using a shape mask ...

Fiber probes for optical coherence tomography (OCT) recently employ a short section of step-index multimode fiber (SIMMF) to generate output beams with extended depth of focus (DOF). As the focusing region of the output beam is generally close to the probe end, it is not feasible to adopt the methods for bulk-optics with spatial pupil filters to the fiber probes with fiber-based filters. On the other hand, the applicable method of the beam propagation method (BPM) to the fiber probes is computationally inefficient to perform parameter scan and exhaustive search optimization. In this paper, we propose the method which analyzes ...

Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) for differentiating pituitary gland versus adenoma tissue has been investigated for the first time, indicating more than 80% accuracy. For biomarker identification, OCT images of paraffin embedded tissue are correlated to histopathological slices. The identified biomarkers are verified on fresh biopsies. Additionally, an approach, based on resolution modified UHR-OCT ex vivo data, investigating optical performance parameters for the realization in an in vivo endoscope is presented and evaluated. The identified morphological features–cell groups with reticulin framework–detectable with UHR-OCT showcase a promising differentiation ability, encouraging endoscopic OCT probe development for in vivo application.

An adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) system is used to assess sixty healthy eyes of thirty subjects (age 22 to 75) to evaluate how the outer retinal layers, foveal eccentricity and age effect the mean cone density. The cone mosaics of different retinal planes (the cone inner segment outer segment junction (IS/OS), the cone outer segment combined with the IS/OS (ISOS+), the cone outer segment tips (COST), and the full en-face plane (FEF)) at four main meridians (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal) and para- and perifoveal eccentricities (ecc 2.5° and 6.5°) were analyzed quantitatively. The mean ...

Adaptive optics (AO) based ophthalmic imagers, such as scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are used to evaluate the structure and function of the retina with high contrast and resolution. Fixational eye movements during a raster-scanned image acquisition lead to intra-frame and intra-volume distortion, resulting in an inaccurate reproduction of the underlying retinal structure. For three-dimensional (3D) AO-OCT, segmentation-based and 3D correlation based registration methods have been applied to correct eye motion and achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio registered volume. This involves first selecting a reference volume, either manually or automatically, and registering the image/volume stream ...

We report on the quality assessment of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) image. A set of recent digital filters are used for denoising the interferometric signals. It is found that when a combination of continuous wavelet transform (WT) decomposition and the WT denoising techniques is imposed on raw signals, the highest signal-to-noise ratio of 17.8 can be reached. The structural similarity (SSIM) index is eventually employed to evaluate the modality of the reconstructed OCT image. Further, we found out that a SSIM value of about 0.95 can be reached, independent of the method used for envelope extraction.

For any single anterior chamber cross-sectional (tomographic) imaging method, there is a practical compromise between image size and image resolution. In order to obtain large field-of-view cross-sectional images of the whole anterior chamber and high-resolution cross-sectional images of the fine corneal layers, measurements by multiple devices are currently required. This paper presents a novel raster scanning tomographic imaging device that acquires simultaneous large field-of-view Scheimpflug (12.5 mm image depth, 50 μm axial resolution in air) and high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) (2 mm image depth, 3.7 μm axial resolution in air) using the same illuminating photons ...

We describe a novel method for non-rigid 3-D motion correction of orthogonally raster-scanned optical coherence tomography angiography volumes. This is the first approach that aligns predominantly axial structural features such as retinal layers as well as transverse angiographic vascular features in a joint optimization. Combined with orthogonal scanning and favorization of kinematically more plausible displacements, subpixel alignment and micrometer-scale distortion correction is achieved in all 3 dimensions. As no specific structures are segmented, the method is by design robust to pathologic changes. Furthermore, the method is designed for highly parallel implementation and short runtime, allowing its integration into clinical workflow ...

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) light scatters much less than shorter wavelengths, allowing greatly enhanced penetration depths for optical imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). However, both detection and broadband sources in the mid-IR are technologically challenging. Interfering entangled photons in a nonlinear interferometer enables sensing with undetected photons, making mid-IR sources and detectors obsolete. Here we implement mid-IR frequency-domain OCT based on ultra-broadband entangled photon pairs spanning from 3.3 to 4.3 µm. We demonstrate 10 µm axial and 20 µm lateral resolution 2D and 3D imaging of strongly scattering ceramic and paint samples. By intrinsically being limited only ...

Catheter/endoscope-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful modality that visualizes structural information in luminal organs. Increases in OCT speed have reduced motion artifacts by enabling acquisition faster than or comparable to the time scales of physiological motion. However motion distortion remains a challenge because catheter/endoscope OCT imaging involves both circumferential and longitudinal scanning of tissue. This paper presents a novel image processing method to estimate and correct motion distortion in both the circumferential and longitudinal directions using a single en face image from a volumetric data set. The circumferential motion distortion is estimated and corrected using the ...

We present optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based tissue dynamics imaging method to visualize and quantify tissue dynamics such as subcellular motion based on statistical analysis of rapid-time-sequence OCT signals at the same location. The analyses include logarithmic intensity variance (LIV) method and two types of OCT correlation decay speed analysis (OCDS). LIV is sensitive to the magnitude of the signal fluctuations, while OCDSs including early- and late-OCDS (OCDS e and OCDS l , respectively) are sensitive to the fast and slow tissue dynamics, respectively. These methods were able to visualize and quantify the longitudinal necrotic process of a human breast adenocarcinoma ...

An ultrafast time-stretched swept source with a sweep rate of 400 MHz is demonstrated based on the buffering of a 100 MHz femtosecond laser pulse train. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest sweep rate of swept sources for optical coherence tomography (OCT) that has been reported. With a 10 dB sweep range of ∼ 100 nm ∼100nm , an axial resolution of 19 µm is obtained in the OCT. OCT imaging of high-speed rotating disks is demonstrated. A composite complex apodization method is proposed and demonstrated to enhance the signal to noise ratio in the OCT imaging.

The attenuation coefficient (AC) is an optical property of tissue that can be estimated from optical coherence tomography (OCT) data. In this paper, we aim to estimate the AC accurately by compensating for the shape of the focused beam. For this, we propose a method to estimate the axial PSF model parameters and AC by fitting a model for an OCT signal in a homogenous sample to the recorded OCT signal. In addition, we employ numerical analysis to obtain the theoretical optimal precision of the estimated parameters for different experimental setups. Finally, the method is applied to OCT B-scans obtained ...