Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate automated measurement of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area using the Kanno-Saitama macro (KSM) software in Image J with swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) images. Methods : In this cross-sectional study, one photographer scanned the macular area (3 × 3 mm) of healthy volunteers twice on the same day, at the same time. The FAZ area was measured from the en face image of the superficial retinal layer by two masked examiners, using the KSM and the Advanced Retina Imaging (ARI)-network method in Carl Zeiss online analysis. Intra- and interscan reproducibility ...

Purpose : Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used for ocular imaging in clinical and research settings. OCT natively provides structural information based on the reflectivity of the tissues it images. We demonstrate the utility of photothermal OCT (PTOCT) imaging of gold nanorods (GNR) in the mouse retina in vivo in the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (LCNV) model to provide additional image contrast within the lesion. Methods : Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were imaged following the intravenous injection of ICAM2-targeted or untargeted GNR. Mice were also imaged following the injection of ICAM2-targeted GNR with or without the additional ocular delivery of a neutralizing ...

Purpose : Advanced imaging is increasingly important in the diagnosis of ocular surface malignancy. Inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (ISOCT) and two-photon autofluorescence microscopy (2P-AF) are emerging techniques capable of quantifying ultrastructural and metabolic changes, respectively. We aimed to detect malignancy in ocular surface lesions using ISOCT and 2P-AF. Methods : Portions of excised specimens from patients undergoing conjunctival biopsy at Boston Medical Center were imaged by ISOCT and/or 2P-AF, and submitted for histologic diagnosis. Lesions were categorized as malignant, premalignant (with dysplasia) or benign. ISOCT and 2P-AF findings were compared between categories. Results : Fourteen specimens from 13 patients were collected ...

Purpose : This study investigated whether filtering blebs can be evaluated using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and compared vascularity parameters with conventional bleb grading systems. Methods : A total of 92 patients with glaucoma, who underwent mitomycin C–augmented trabeculectomy, were enrolled in this study, and 92 eyes were assessed in total. The participants underwent OCT-A in external mode and anterior segment photography for bleb evaluation. For evaluation of bleb vascularity, a blinded observer carefully drew the bleb area on the original OCT-A image using a semiautomated program that calculated the color and brightness densities of the selected area. A blinded ...

Purpose : To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement of retinal arteriole pulse waveforms using a novel fully-automated Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) flowmeter in healthy subjects. Methods : Twenty eyes of 20 healthy subjects were included to test the intrasession repeatability of pulse waveform analysis. DOCT measurements were performed based on a newly developed instantaneous Doppler angle measurement method. Upstroke time (UT), which is the time from the minimum to the maximum retinal blood velocity, and the resistance index (RI) of the retinal arteriole pulse waveform were measured. Coefficients of variation (CVs) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated ...

Purpose : To study the association between the assessment of central macular vascular layers by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and peripheral nonperfusion evaluated by fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with retinal venous occlusion (RVO). Methods : Retrospective review of RVO patients without macular edema. Patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including FA, spectral-domain OCT, and OCT-A. Significant ischemia was defined as nonperfusion areas superior or equal to the equivalent of one retinal quadrant on FA. Vascular density (VD) and foveal avascular zone were measured using AngioAnalytics software. Fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity (LAC) were computed using an algorithm designed by MATLAB ...

Purpose : To determine the intrasession repeatability (test-retest variability) of parafoveal and peripapillary perfused capillary density (PCD) and normalized flux index (NFI) as assessed with Canon OCT-HS100 angiography. Methods : Pairs of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) images were obtained from the parafoveal and peripapillary region of 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects. PCD and NFI were calculated using generic image-processing software. Macular ganglion-cell complex thickness (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) were also recorded. Bland-Altman analysis was performed and the coefficient of repeatability (CoR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Correlations of parafoveal PCD/NFI with GCC ...

Purpose : We evaluated the repeatability of wide-field en face swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in healthy subjects. Methods : Healthy subjects underwent two imaging sessions, on average 8 days apart, with a 100 kHz SS-OCTA instrument. The imaging protocol included a central 3 × 3 and 12 × 12 mm scans of the four quadrants resulting in more than a 70° wide-field OCTA of the posterior pole. Quantitative analysis was performed using the inbuilt Macular Density Algorithm Version v0.6.1 and AngioTool software. Consistency for the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel density, and perfusion density of the superficial and deep capillary ...

Purpose : We investigate which spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) setting is superior when measuring subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) and compared results to an automated segmentation software. Methods : Thirty patients underwent enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-OCT. B-scans were extracted in six different settings (W+N = white background/normal contrast 9; W+H = white background/maximum contrast 16; B+N = black background/normal contrast 12; B+H = black background/maximum contrast 16; C+N = Color-encoded image on black background at predefined contrast of 9, and C+H = Color-encoded image on black background at high/maximal contrast of 16), resulting in 180 images ...

Purpose : We compare anterior segment characteristics of Filipino- versus Chinese- and Caucasian-Americans to describe the differences in risk factors among each ethnic group. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted among Filipino, Chinese, and Caucasian subjects without glaucoma who underwent a standardized set of ocular examinations and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (Visante ASOCT) imaging. Zhongshan Angle Assessment Program (ZAAP) 4 was used for ASOCT image analysis. The following quantitative parameters wereobtained from ZAAP: (1) angle opening distance (AOD500, AOD750), angle recess area at 750 μm (ARA), and trabecular-iris space area at 500 and 750 μm (TISA500, TISA750); (2) iris parameters ...

Purpose : To establish a predictive model of macular hole (MH) closure speed. Methods : This study was a post hoc analysis of eyes that underwent full-thickness MH repair in the prospective PIONEER intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) study. The Bioptigen SDOIS system was used for iOCT imaging. All patients underwent standard small-gauge vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, gas tamponade, and postoperative facedown positioning. Before vitrectomy and after ILM peeling, various quantitative OCT measures related to MH were obtained, including MH geometry alterations and outer retinal features. Trans-gas OCT was performed on postoperative day 1 to evaluate MH closure. Univariate ...

Purpose : To conduct longitudinal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to characterize dynamic changes of trilaminar vascular plexuses in wild-type (WT) and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mouse retinas. Methods : Longitudinal in vivo OCT/OCTA measurements of WT and rd10 mouse retinas were conducted at postnatal day 14 (P14), P17, P21, P24, and P28. OCT images were used to quantify retinal thickness changes, while OCTA images were used to investigate vascular dynamics within the trilaminar vascular plexuses, that is, superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP). Blood vessel densities of all three plexus layers were quantitatively ...

Purpose : To evaluate the relationship between angle dimensions assessed by gonioscopy or EyeCam and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Methods : Subjects aged 50 years or older were recruited from the Chinese American Eye Study (CHES). Each subject underwent a complete ocular exam, including gonioscopy, AS-OCT, and EyeCam. Angle closure was defined as three or more quadrants in which pigmented trabecular meshwork could not be visualized. Angle opening distance (AOD), angle recess area (ARA), trabecular iris space area (TISA), trabecular iris angle (TIA), and scleral spur angle (SSA) were measured in each AS-OCT image. Results : 709 eyes (272 angle closure ...

Purpose : To compare the visualization of the choriocapillaris and deeper choroidal vessels in healthy eyes in en face swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) versus SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods : This is a cross-sectional study of consecutive eyes without chorioretinal disease. En face SS-OCT and SS-OCTA images of the choriocapillaris and choroid were assessed for visualization of the vasculature. Choroidal vessel densities (CVD) of the choriocapillaris, inner choroid, midchoroid, and outer choroid were calculated from binarized en face SS-OCT and SS-OCTA images. Paired t -tests and linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results : Twenty-seven eyes of 27 patients were included. There ...

Purpose : To evaluate the reproducibility of vessel density calculations using different binarization methods obtained via two commercially available swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) systems. Methods : Healthy volunteers were imaged using two swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) devices, PLEXElite and Triton. SS-OCTA examinations were performed using a 3 × 3-mm volume scan pattern centered on the fovea. A total of six methods were used for binarization in ImageJ, two global thresholding and four local adaptive thresholding methods. Resultant vessel density values were compared between the instruments and binarization methods. Images for 60 eyes from 30 healthy subjects were assessed by ...

Purpose : To compare the diagnostic ability of the vessel parameters in macular and peripapillary regions measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA) in differentiating primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) from healthy eyes. Methods : POAG patients and healthy subjects underwent 6 × 6-mm scans centered on the macula and optic nerve head. Commercially available automatic segmentation created en face images from SD-OCTA of the superficial retinal layer (SRL) of the macular (m) and peripapillary (cp) regions. Vessel area density (VAD), vessel skeleton density (VSD), vessel complexity index (VCI), and flux were calculated. Area under curve (AUC) statistics controlled for age and intereye ...

Purpose : We correlate optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal layer thickness measurements with histology in wild-type and retinal degenerative pigs. Methods : OCT scans were obtained using the Bioptigen Envisu R2200. In normal pigs, three eyes were imaged in vivo, and three eyes were imaged after enucleation. In the Pro23His retinal degeneration pigs (P23H), one eye was imaged in vivo and four eyes were imaged after enucleation. All eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for histology. Corresponding retinal locations on OCT and histology were identified using anatomic landmarks (optic nerve, retinal vessels, visual streak). Individual retinal layer thicknesses were measured ...

Purpose : To evaluate the effects of age, race, and ethnicity on the optic nerve and peripapillary retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) three-dimensional (3D) volume scans in normal subjects. Methods : This is a cross-sectional study performed at a single institution in Boston. All patients received retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scans and an optic nerve 3D volume scan. The SD-OCT software calculated peripapillary RNFL thickness, retinal thickness (RT), and retinal volume (RV). Custom-designed software calculated neuroretinal rim minimum distance band (MDB) thickness and area. Results : There were 272 normal subjects, including 175 whites, 40 blacks, 40 Asians, and 17 ...

Purpose : We develop and assess the impact of depth-based, motion-stabilized colorization (color) of microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (MIOCT) volumes on microsurgical performance and ability to interpret surgical volumes. Methods : Color was applied in real-time as gradients indicating axial position and stabilized based on calculated center of mass. In a test comparing colorization versus grayscale visualizations of prerecorded intraoperative volumes from human surgery, ophthalmologists ( N = 7) were asked to identify retinal membranes, the presence of an instrument, its contact with tissue, and associated deformation of the retina. In a separate controlled trial, trainees ( N = 15) performed microsurgical skills without conventional optical ...

Purpose : We investigate the measurable range of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) with conventional spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in normal healthy eyes. Methods : All subjects underwent an SD-OCT horizontal line scan centered at the fovea with standard and enhanced depth imaging (EDI) techniques. Two independent observers manually measured SFCT on standard and EDI-OCT images, if two choroidal borders were identified. The rate of successful measurement with standard OCT was evaluated. Inter- and intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used for analysis. Results : OCT images of 724 normal healthy eyes from 374 subjects were evaluated. Although the inner choroidal ...

Purpose : To characterize sources of inter- and intrasubject variability in quantitative foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics. Methods : Two 3×3-mm optical coherence tomography angiography scans (centered on the fovea) were acquired in both eyes of 175 subjects. An image of the superficial plexus was extracted from each scan and segmented twice by a single observer. Four quantitative FAZ morphology metrics (area, axis ratio, acircularity, major horizontal axis angle) were calculated, and a variance components analysis was performed. Results : Mean (±SD) age was 27.9 ± 11.9 years, and 55% were female. Area had the largest amount of variance resulting from ...

Purpose : We define optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement parameters of the corneal endothelium/Descemet's membrane (DM) complex and peripheral transition zone (TZ) and describe these measurements in an ethnically Chinese population. Methods : OCT images of the anterior segment and iridocorneal angle were obtained from 129 healthy Chinese subjects (129 eyes), aged 40 to 81 years. The scleral spur (SS) and Schwalbe's line (SL) were identified in each image. Endothelium/DM diameter, referred to as endothelial arc length (EAL), is the SL-to-SL distance. The SS-to-SL distance encompasses the TZ and trabecular meshwork (TM). Since the TZ cannot be visualized ...

Purpose : To demonstrate and validate that photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT) can image melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and can observe light-driven melanosome translocation in the zebrafish retina. Methods : A commercial spectral domain OCT system was modified to perform both OCT and PT-OCT. Four adult tyrosinase-mosaic zebrafish with varying levels of melanin expression across their retinas were imaged, and the PT-OCT signal for pigmented and nonpigmented regions were compared. Wild-type dark-adapted ( n = 11 fish) and light-adapted ( n = 10 fish) zebrafish were also imaged with OCT and PT-OCT. Longitudinal reflectivity and absorption profiles were generated from B-scans to compare ...

Purpose : To compare the accuracy of Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) for measuring retinal blood vessel caliber at different flow rates. Methods : A research-grade 1060-nm OCT system with 3.5-μm axial resolution in retinal tissue and 92,000 A scan/s image acquisition rate was used in this study. DOCT and OCTA measurements were acquired both from a flow phantom and in vivo from retinal blood vessels in six male Brown Norway rats. The total retinal blood flow (TRBF) was modified from baseline to 70% and 20% of baseline by reducing the ocular perfusion pressure ...