Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a well‐established technique for the clinical examination, diagnosis, severity staging and monitoring of ophthalmic disorders. The application of this technology has more recently been extended beyond ophthalmic disease, whereby it has been demonstrated that OCT can serve as an ophthalmic marker for a range of systemic neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This review will focus on the clinical utility of OCT‐derived retinal measures for the investigation of these conditions.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) is an emerging technology that allows for the non‐invasive imaging of the ocular microvasculature. Despite the wealth of observations and numerous research studies illustrating the potential clinical uses of OCT‐A, this technique is currently rarely used in routine clinical settings. In this review, technical and clinical aspects of OCT‐A imaging are discussed, and the future clinical potential of OCT‐A is considered. An understanding of the basic principles and limitations of OCT‐A technology will better inform clinicians of its future potential in the diagnosis and management of ocular diseases.

Background The aim of this study was to examine the influence of B‐scan averaging on choroidal thickness using wide‐field enhanced‐depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Methods Six high‐resolution trans‐foveal horizontal enhanced‐depth imaging line scans (spanning a 60° field) were acquired consecutively from the right eye of 10 healthy adults (mean age 30 ± 5 years), with each line scan an average of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 100 B‐scans, using the automated real‐time image averaging and follow‐up features of a Spectralis device. The impact of B‐scan averaging on regional measures of ...

Objective To evaluate the degree of microvascular impairment in diabetic retinopathy using multifractal and lacunarity analyses and to compare the diagnostic ability between traditional Euclidean measures (fovea avascular zone area and vessel density) and fractal geometric features. Methods This retrospective cross‐sectional study included a total of 143 eyes of 94 patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy. The retinal microvasculature was imaged by projection removed optical coherence tomography angiography. We examined the degree of association between fractal metrics of the retinal microvasculature and diabetic retinopathy severity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to estimate the ...

Combining information from optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and visual field testing is useful in the clinical assessment and monitoring of patients with glaucoma. Measurements of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness or neuroretinal rim width taken around the optic nerve head may be related to the visual field using a structure–function map. In this review, the structure–function mapping methods in clinical use are discussed. Typical clinical maps provide a population average, ‘one size fits all’ representation, but in recent years methods for customising structure–function maps to individual eyes have been developed and these are reviewed here. In ...

Objectives and Background Polymer coatings of drug‐eluting stents (DES) may induce allergic reactions and inflammation, resulting in late‐acquired stent malapposition (LASM) with the risk of stent thrombosis. This study evaluated, if biodegradable polymer (BP) reduces the incidence of LASM compared to permanent polymer (PP) after treatment with newer generation DES. Methods and Results Fifty patients with 59 lesions were randomized (2:1) to elective treatment with second generation PP‐DES ( n  = 32, 39 stents), either Everolimus‐eluting or Zotarolimus‐eluting stents, or with BP‐DES (Biolimus‐eluting stents [BES]; n  = 18, 20 stents) and underwent optical coherence tomography ...

Objectives We evaluated healing responses with optical coherence tomography, and long‐term clinical outcomes after treatment with a dedicated stent versus a conventional culotte technique. Background Dedicated bifurcation stents have been proposed as an alternative treatment for coronary bifurcation lesions. The long‐term performance of dedicated stents versus conventional dual‐stent techniques for the treatment of complex coronary bifurcation lesions is unknown. Methods Forty patients with true coronary bifurcation lesions were randomized to treatment with a dedicated Axxess bifurcation stent in the proximal main vessel and additional Biomatrix stents in branches versus culotte stenting using Xience stents. Results The percentage ...

Objectives The aim is to investigate the usefulness of longitudinal reconstructed optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in selecting the reverse wire (RW) technique for inserting a guidewire into a side branch (SB). Background It is sometimes necessary to protect the SB with a guidewire to prevent SB complications in PCI for bifurcation lesions. The RW is a novel method for guidewire insertion into an extremely angulated SB when the standard antegrade wire (AW) approach is difficult. Methods This retrospective study included 46 consecutive patients who underwent OCT‐guided PCI in bifurcation lesions with significant SB stenosis. Patients were divided into ...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify quantitatively measurable morphologic optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics in patients with an acute episode of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and evaluate their correlation to functional and psychological variables for their use in daily clinical practice. Methods Retinal thickness (RT), the height, area and volume of subretinal fluid (SRF)/pigment epithelium detachments were evaluated using the standardized procedures of the Vienna Reading Center. These morphologic characteristics were compared with functional variables [best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), retinal sensitivity/microperimetry, fixation stability], and patients’ subjective handicap from CSC using the ...

No abstract provided.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an important cause of acute coronary syndrome especially in women. The most common underlying predisposing cause of SCAD is fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), a non‐inflammatory arteriopathy that results in weakening of the affected arteries, and can cause dissection or aneurysm. Coronary FMD (CFMD) was described as rare, and was shown to cause SCAD in histopathological case reports. Unfortunately, CFMD is challenging to diagnose on coronary angiography, as the findings can be similar to other causes of coronary artery disease. Therefore, we illustrate two case examples of CFMD on coronary angiography, and highlight findings on ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), enables high‐resolution 3D imaging of the morphology of light scattering tissues. From the OCT signal, parameters can be extracted and related to tissue structures. One of the quantitative parameters is the attenuation coefficient; the rate at which the intensity of detected light decays in depth. To couple the quantitative parameters with the histology one‐to‐one registration is needed. The primary aim of this study is to validate a registration method of quantitative OCT parameters to histological tissue outcome through one‐to‐one registration of OCT with histology. We matched OCT images of unstained fixated ...

Importance The change in the anatomical dimensions over time and the effect on diurnal intraocular pressure (DIOP) following laser peripheral iridotomy is poorly understood. Background To evaluate change over time in anterior chamber angle anatomy following laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in patients with primary angle closure compared to control eyes. Additionally, the effect of LPI on DIOP fluctuation was investigated. Design Longitudinal, prospective, double‐randomized research study. Participants Adults with suspected angle closure or angle closure diagnosis referred to hospital services in the United Kingdom. Methods Thirty‐nine patients newly diagnosed with bilateral primary angle closure/suspects (PAC/PACS) received ...

A young woman admitted with a diagnosis of NSTE‐ACS underwent coronary angiography which showed LAD spontaneous coronary artery dissection treated with magnesium‐made bioresorbable scaffold. We report 1‐year angiographic and OCT findings.

Enzymatic destruction of adipose tissue has been achieved by encapsulation of lipase into the polymeric microcapsules. Adipose tissue destruction was delayed while lipase is encapsulated comparing with the direct lipase action as demonstrated by optical microscopy and optical coherence tomography in in vitro studies. Raman spectroscopy confirms that triglycerides in fat tissue were cleaved into free fatty acids, glycerol, and possible di‐ and monoglyceride residues. The results underpin the concept of local and controlled treatment of tissues via encapsulation. Effect of lipase encapsulation into the polymeric microcapsules on adipose tissue destruction compared to free lipase

Aim This in vitro study aimed to histologically validate and compare the methods for detection of smooth surface early carious lesions (ECLs) that is , International caries detection and assessment system for the smooth surface (ICDAS‐II‐SSC), Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS‐OCT), and radiography. Methodology PS‐OCT images for scores 0‐3 of ICDAS‐II‐SSC were standardized according to ECLs’ depth. Preliminary PS‐OCT images for ICDAS‐II‐SSC score‐2 of pigmented ECLs showed reduced lesion depth and therefore were dichotomized into scores 2 and 2p for white and pigmented lesions (ICDAS‐II‐SSCm). ECLs on ...

Aspartylglucosaminuria is a lysosomal storage disorder enriched in Finland. We report on a pair of non‐Finnish siblings with aspartylglucosaminuria with autofluorescent inclusion bodies on optical coherence tomography, a finding not previously reported in this disorder. We performed a record review, neurological and neuropsychological evaluation, brain MRI, and optical coherence tomography for each patient. They are compound heterozygous for a 34‐kb deletion and a c.365C>A novel variant of the AGA gene. Autofluorescent inclusion bodies were found on optical coherence tomography in the older, more severely affected brother. We hypothesize the finding represents a noninvasive biomarker of disease ...

Extramammary Paget's Disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma that classically manifests with pruritic, erythematous and scaling plaques. The clinical picture frequently mimics inflammatory or infectious conditions and is thus commonly misdiagnosed. The assessment of tumour margins is equally challenging as tumours have a propensity to spread beyond clinically visible boundaries. Appropriate non‐invasive diagnostic tools can assist in the early detection, diagnosis and management of EMPD. This paper will review the literature on non‐invasive imaging modalities used in EMPD. Articles from the PubMed database were selected based on relevance to the topic of this review. Articles that ...

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an inherited skin disorder characterized by exacerbated skin and/or mucosal fragility and blister formation following minor mechanical trauma. Great scientific interest has recently been focused on gene therapies and transgenic epidermal grafting in EB patients. 1 Depending on the level of cleavage in the skin, EB is classified into 4 types: simplex (EBS), junctional (JEB), and dystrophic (DEB), and the extremely rare Kindler syndrome

In vivo imaging techniques have had a major impact on vision science research, not least because they provide access to the entire human visual pathway from the anterior eye to higher‐level processing areas within the brain. A special issue of Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics titled ‘Imaging the visual system: from the eye to the brain’ 1 highlighted the breadth of imaging‐related research in vision science by including papers that spanned ocular surface, 2 retinal 3 and brain 4 imaging. The special issue also emphasised fundamental research questions that can be addressed with imaging. These included diurnal changes in ocular ...

Importance Optical coherence tomography software classifies abnormality of macular ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer thickness and macular retinal nerve fibre layer thickness based on adult series. Background We assessed the impact of using paediatric reference macular ganglion cell complex values instead of adult reference values. Design Cross‐sectional study. Primary and tertiary health‐care setting. Participants Out of 140 healthy participants aged 5 to 18 years, 90% were eligible. Methods Following a dilated eye examination and cycloplegic refraction, participants underwent optical coherence tomography ganglion cell scans (Topcon 3D OCT‐2000). Right eye measurements for superior, inferior, and total layer thickness ...

Objectives To evaluate, in vitro, SB stenting techniques after failed provisional stenting. We aimed to compare flows and stent strut apposition of T and protrusion (TAP) versus Reversed String (RS) techniques using a flow simulator, optical coherence tomography (OCT) using silicon bifurcation phantoms with different bifurcation angulations. Background While bifurcation coronary artery stenoses are preferably treated with provisional T‐stenting strategy, the preferred bailout two stents technique to treat the side branch remains unclear. Methods and results Eleven 30°‐angle and ten 60°‐angle bifurcation phantoms were used. After performing provisional stenting, TAP and RS techniques were compared in six ...

Objective We sought to evaluate whether automated coregistration of optical coherence tomography (OCT) with angiography reduces geographic miss (GM) during coronary stenting. Background Previous intravascular ultrasound or OCT studies have showed that residual disease at the stent edge or stent edge dissection was associated with stent thrombosis or edge restenosis. This has been termed GM. Methods Two hundred de novo coronary lesions were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to OCT‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with versus without automated coregistration of OCT with angiography. GM, the primary endpoint, was defined as angiographic ≥type B dissection or diameter stenosis >50 ...

A magnetic graphene quantum dot (MGQD) nanoparticle, synthesized by hydrothermally reducing and cutting graphene oxide‐iron oxide sheet, was demonstrated to possess the capabilities of simultaneous confocal fluorescence and magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MMOCT) imaging. This MGQD shows low toxicity, significant tunable blue fluorescence and superparamagnetism, which can thus be used as a dual‐modality contrast agent for confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) and MMOCT. The feasibility of applying MGQD as a tracer of cells is shown by imaging and visualizing MGQD labeled cells using CFM and our in‐house MMOCT. Since MMOCT and CFM can offer anatomical structure and intracellular ...