Retinal changes and visual symptoms are present in several inflammatory, degenerative and tumorous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a method that can be used in clinical practice to detect and quantify the structural correlates of these visual symptoms in neurological disorders. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique, based on interferometry, which can create high-resolution images of the retina and measure the thickness and volume of the different retinal layers. The combined ganglion cell- and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) are of particular interest in the field ...

Introduction: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) allows non-invasive high-resolution imaging of tissues. With a penetration depth of a few millimeters it's possible to image the tympanic membrane and the close-by part of the tympanum, e.g. for diagnostics of otitis media and middle ear effusion. In the field of in vivo examination there are difficulties in access to the human tympanic membrane due to the narrow and curved external ear canal. We report a compact endoscopic OCT system for use in clinical research. Methods: We use a 3,5 mm endoscopic GRIN lens for video endoscopy and OCT. OCT is ...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss globally with a severe burden on all societies due to its high treatment and rehabilitation costs. The early diagnosis of DR may provide preventive steps (including retinal laser therapy and tight carbohydrate, blood pressure, and cholesterol control) that could in turn help to avoid progression of the pathology with the resultant vision loss. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables the in vivo structural imaging of the retina, providing both qualitative (structure) and quantitative (thickness) information. In the past decades, extensive OCT research has been done in the field of ...

Background The skull base is the most common site of the craniofacial skeleton to be affected by fibrous dysplasia (FD). A significant proportion of such FD patients present with compression of the optic nerve, which can cause visual impairment, but most patients initially do not experience vision loss. Controversy exists regarding whether to proceed with a prophylactic surgical decompression of the optic nerve or to elect for “watchful waiting.” Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a physiologic imaging modality widely used to assess the condition of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), has been useful in the monitoring of other compressive lesions ...

Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT), aka Optical Coherence Tomography, is a non-invasive imaging test that uses light waves to capture micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images from within the retina. OCT is based on low-coherence interferometry, typically employing near-infrared light. OCT provides near-microscopic resolution and has been employed as a clinical tool in the measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer thickness. In our institution, in the management of thousands of patients, in conjunction with clinical neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation, we have found OCT provides additional useful information, leading to better management decisions, and useful diagnostic and ...

Methods and study aims: The incidence of esophageal cancer is rising despite increased surveillance efforts. Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) is a new endoscopic imaging tool that can allow for targeted biopsy of neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. We report a series of 6 patients with long-segment Barrett’s esophagus ( > 3 cm), who underwent a session of endoscopy with volumetric laser endomicroscopy, after a separate prior session of standard high-definition endoscopy with narrow band imaging (NBI) and random biopsies that did not reveal neoplasia. In all six patients, the first endoscopy was the index endoscopy diagnosing the Barrett’s esophagus. All ...

Background. Microemboli of fat or other material into the terminal macular retinal circulation can be difficult to diagnose. We report 2 cases that showed subtle signs where SLO fundus imaging was most sensitive to precisely outline the limits of the inner retina infarction. Patients and Methods. Multimodal imaging analysis was performed including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, Optical Coherence Tomography and SLO fundus imaging of 2 cases with suspected infarction of the inner retina. Cases. A 30-year-old man reported a grey central spot OD a few days after being squeezed between two cars with a sacrum fracture. Vision ...

In 1933 and 1950, Kyrieleis first described the presence of segmental white lesions in the walls of retinal arterioles in a case of ocular tuberculosis [ 1 ], [ 2 ]. These lesions are rarely seen and their pathophysiology remains debated although a relationship with infectious and inflammatory conditions has been proposed [ 3 ]. We report a patient who presented these lesions not only around retinal vessels very much alike those described in the original article but also involving the macular area and retinal veins. Since the patient suffered from dense vitreous haze as a result of an ocular toxoplasmosis relapse, this finding was revealed ...

Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently become a vital tool for clinicians and researchers in ophthalmology and, increasingly, in neurology. Optical coherence tomography is quickly and easily performed, well-tolerated by patients, and allows high-resolution viewing of unmyelinated axons and other retinal structures in vivo. These factors have led OCT to find favor as a method of quantifying neuroaxonal loss in multiple sclerosis (MS), and the increasing acceptance of the anterior visual pathway as a model to investigate MS in humans. In this short review, the authors discuss OCT findings in MS research, and the relationships of these structural findings ...

Objectives: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the most important risk factor for long term graft survival after pediatric heart transplantation. 10 years after pediatric heart transplantation 35 percent suffer from CAV according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). The graft survival is merely 50 percent five years after the first detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy using conventional catheter techniques. Therefore, a method for early detection of CAV is mandatory in order to alter or at best stop the course of the disease. The optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables high-resolution intracoronary visualization of intimal hyperplasia, plaque formation ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a relatively new technology that is now routinely and very widely used by ophthalmologists for structural documentation of the optic nerve and retina. In neuro-ophthalmology and neurology, the value of OCT is ever expanding; its role in an increasing number of conditions is being reported in parallel with the advances of the technology. Currently, as a clinical tool, OCT is particularly useful for the structural measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head volumetric analysis, and macular anatomy. Optic neuropathies of varied etiology (particularly from multiple sclerosis) may be the most common ...

For decades, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer in optic neuropathy could only be observed ophthalmoscopically or using red-free fundus photography. These days are over. Subsequently, different techniques to image the optic nerve and the retina have been developed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained the most attention and has opened a new area of revolutionary diagnostic possibilities. OCT is a noncontact diagnostic imaging technique that provides detailed, cross-sectional images of the retina and the optic disc in vivo. It was first used in 1991 to visualize the eye.[ 1 ] Image capture is noninvasive, painless, and fast. The technology ...

For nearly two centuries, the ophthalmoscope has permitted examination of the retina and optic nerve—the only axons directly visualized by the physician. The retinal ganglion cells project their axons, which travel along the innermost retina to form the optic nerve, marking the beginning of the anterior visual pathway. Both the structure and function of the visual pathway are essential components of the neurologic examination as it can be involved in numerous acquired, congenital and genetic central nervous system conditions. The development of optical coherence tomography now permits the pediatric neuroscientist to visualize and quantify the optic nerve and retinal ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, contact-less imaging method which provides an “in vivo” representation of the retina. It allows the quantitative measurement of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) and macula thickness (MT) and, in addition, is suitable to measure volumes (e. g., macula volume/MV). In the research of neurodegenerative diseases, OCT has been increasingly used and has shown its potential as a possible diagnostic tool over the course of the last few years. In recent years, the hypothesis that mental disorders like schizophrenia or unipolar depressive disorder have a degenerative component was established through a variety ...

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the posterior pole asymmetry analysis (PPAA) in glaucomatous eyes and healthy controls in comparison to retinal nerve fiber layer measurements (RNFL) with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Patients and Methods: Prospectively, in a single session by one operator, three measurements were taken of the retinal thickness with the PPAA and three measurements of the RNFL with the eye-tracker function of the Heidelberg Spectralis SD-OCT. Results: The mean intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and lower confidence intervals (in parentheses) for PPAA were 0.98 (0.96) in both healthy ...

Aims: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive radiation-free method for imaging retinal structures and measuring retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and total macular volume (TMV). Newer devices even allow segmentation of all retinal layers and individualized follow-up comparisons. So far, normative values for this potential diagnostic tool in pediatric populations are widely lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate normal values in a healthy pediatric population for peripapillary RNFL, TMV, and layer segmentation in OCT. Methods: The study was approved by the responsible ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all parents before any study ...