Purpose: To provide a normative data set of swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) peripapillary vessel density (VD) measurements and assess correlations with age, gender, disc area and axial length (AL). Material and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted on 346 right eyes of healthy subjects. Peripapillary SS-OCTA VD measurements were obtained in the retinal superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris (CC) in all four quadrants using the Triton device (Topcon, Nagoya, Japan). AL measurements were made by optical biometry. Results: Mean participant age was 37.7 ±19.8 years (range 5 – 83), AL ...

Multimodal imaging relies on combination of multiple imaging modalities to precisely delineate pathological changes in the posterior segment of the eye associated with a wide range of conditions. This combined application of fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fundus reflectance/autofluorescence and fundus angiography (with fluorescein, indocyanine green and/or optical coherence tomography) is of great utility for assessment of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Multimodal imaging is helpful to characterize the typical pattern of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, with primary focal inflammatory involvement of the neurosensory retina, and secondary changes at the level of underlying choroid, retinal blood vessels, vitreous and even optic ...

Purpose : To evaluate the relationship between visual acuity, visual field and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters, including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-internal plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thicknesses, and optic nerve head parameters in patients with severe glaucoma. Material and Methods : Patients with the diagnosis of severe glaucoma were recruited from the data gathered at our glaucoma department. A detailed ophthalmic examination was performed using the Standard Automated Perimetry (the 30–2 SITA standard program was used for VF testing). Cirrus EDI-OCT was used for peripapillary RNFL and GC-IPL thickness measurements. Optic nerve head parameters, including mean cup-to-disc ...

Purpose : To investigate changes in peripapillary retinal vessel density after acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation caused by laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in primary angle-closure suspects (PACS) by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Materials and Methods : Ninety-seven participants with PACS were included in this cross-sectional observational study. OCTA and IOP measurement were performed at baseline and 1 hour after LPI. PACS eyes were further divided into three groups according to IOP increase 1 hour after LPI (group 1 = IOP elevation < 5 mmHg, 42eyes; group 2 = IOP elevation ≥ 5 mmHg and < 10 mmHg, 34 eyes; group 3 = IOP elevation ≥10 mmHg, 21eyes ...

The objective of this study was to assess in-vitro interfacial cavity adaptation of different adhesive/composites systems in class-II restoration using SS-OCT and to confirm the findings with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Standardized rectangular-shaped class-II cavities were prepared on 24 extracted human molar teeth, bonded with adhesive and lined with flowable composite. Cavities were further restored by bulk filling using packable composite. Specimens were divided into four groups ( n  = 7) according to restorative materials used; PrimeFil with Estelite Posterior composites (PF; Tokuyama Dental), Clearfil Tri-S Bond Plus with Majesty LV flowable and Majesty Posterior composites (TS; Kuraray Noritake ...

Purpose : To evaluate the prognostic value of OCT in acute VKH disease Methods : Retrospective series of consecutive VKH patients seen with the first presentation, a minimum follow-up of 1 year and serial OCT imaging. The primary outcome was the clinical activity phase at 1, 2 and 3 years. Results : Among 29 subjects, 7 resolved, 17 became chronic, and 5 developed chronic recurrent VKH. Median RNFL measurement obtained 2 months post-treatment was higher among subjects who developed chronic VKH ( p -value = 0.03) and chronic recurrent disease ( p -value = 0.04). Median CRT 1-week post-treatment was lower among subjects who developed ...

Purpose: To investigate the clinical importance of the thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) and ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCL+) by spectral domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in asymptomatic empty sella (ES) patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional, nonrandomized prospective study, 44 ES patients and 74 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were evaluated. All the patients and controls competed an automated 30-2 visual field (VF) test. The mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), RNFL, and GCL + thickness values obtained with SD-OCT were compared statistically between the two groups. Results : No marked VF defects were found ...

Purpose : To investigate the pathogenesis of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) using multimodal imaging (MMI). Methods : Retrospective case series of 7 patients with acute MEWDS. Each patient underwent: near-infrared reflectance (IR), blue and near-infrared autofluorescence (FAF and NIRAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) on Spectralis, and optical coherence tomography angiography on OCTA Spectralis, XR Avanti or Plex Elite 9000. Results : OCTA and FA findings of early hyperfluorescence depict an unaffected choriocapillaris. On ICGA early to late hypofluorescent lesions corresponded to the hyporeflectivity on IR, consistent with altered reflectivity of the ...

Purpose : To investigate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in patients with Behçet’s disease (BD). Methods : Ninety-four eyes of 49 patients with BD and 53 eyes of 53 healthy subjects were included. Vascular density (VD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, perifoveal capillary hypoperfusion, perifoveal capillary network disorganization, and FAZ irregularity were analyzed. Results : OCTA revealed retinal VD reduction and higher perifoveal capillary hypoperfusion, perifoveal capillary network disorganization and FAZ irregularity in ocular Behçet’s compared to nonocular Behçet’s ( p = .000). However, compared to normal eyes, there was no difference between any OCTA measurements in nonocular ...

Purpose : Incidence of significant and non-significant macular edema found using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) following cataract surgery. Methods : Prospective, cohort series conducted at the Croix Rousse University Hospital. Significant macular edema (SME) was defined as the presence of fluid with an increase of 30% or more in central subfield macular thickness compared to baseline on SD-OCT at 6 weeks and non-significant macula edema (NSME) as an increase of less than 30%. Results : Nine hundred and twenty-eight eyes in 638 patients were included in the study. Incidence of Irvine Gass (IG) syndrome was 9%, 2.3% of patients presented SME ...

We present a novel method to image the vasculature of the anterior segment of the eye using a non-invasive optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system with a modified lens system. This system utilises the Heidelberg Spectralis OCTA and a 3D printed lens mount holding a simple biconvex lens in place to allow capture of images in the anterior segment.

Purpose : To investigate the relationship between capsular bend type and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) at a three-dimensional (3D) level using high-speed swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods : This was a retrospective study. A total of 99 eyes that underwent standard cataract surgery with phacoemulsification 2 years ago were analyzed. Standard SS-OCT radial scanning was performed in all eyes and the obtained photos were used for morphological observations of the capsular bend-IOL complex, the adhesion of posterior capsule to the IOL optic, and the position of the anterior capsulorhexis. Digital retroillumination photographs were taken of the posterior capsule of each eye ...

A 74-year-old man presented with bilateral optic nerve atrophy related to arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) which started 22 years ago. Atrophic papilla was noted in both eyes and optical coherence tomography showed thinning of the retinal nerve fibres layer as well as the macular ganglion cell complex. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the macula found a decreased density of the superficial capillary complex, whereas deep capillary complex was well-preserved. Inner retinal layer atrophy in chronic arteritic AION is followed by a loss of vascularisation in these layers as a consequence of the neurodegeneration.

Intraoperative OCT ( i OCT) is an emerging modality capable of displaying real-time OCT images to the surgeon during surgery. The use of iOCT during vitreoretinal surgery improves our understanding of the tissue alterations that occur during surgical manipulations, which may impact surgical decision-making. We review the current i OCT modalities and clinical applications of i OCT.

Amblyopia refers to visual impairment resulting from perturbations in visual experience during visual development, typically secondary to strabismus, uncorrected refractive error, and/or deprivation. Amblyopia has traditionally been considered a cortical disease, but the depth of our understanding of this complex neurodevelopmental condition is limited by our ability to appreciate structural pathophysiology in the visual pathway. Recent advances in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) have facilitated numerous studies of the structural changes in the retina and optic nerve, thereby expanding our appreciation for the pathogenesis of this condition. In this review, we summarize findings from studies evaluating retinal, retinal nerve fiber ...

Purpose : To review the current literature regarding optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) applications in the anterior segment. Methods : A literature search was performed for terms including OCT-Angiography, anterior segment, cornea, conjunctiva, iris, applications and use in ophthalmology. Results : Fifteen studies were identified, 14 in human subjects. Studies with OCT-A of the conjunctiva, episclera, cornea, and iris were identified, some with normal eyes imaged and others with various pathologies. Most of these studies imaged corneal neovascularization. Three studies described protocols used for image acquisition, one of which was referenced by two later papers. Conclusions : OCT-A is a noninvasive technology with recent ...

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) has enabled fast, non-invasive, high-resolution visualization of vasculature within the eye. In the past few years, it has become increasingly utilized for a range of disorders including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and uveitis among others. This article reviews technical aspects of OCT-A, its applications in chorioretinal disease, and known limitations of the technology.

Purpose : To assess the effect of axial length (AL) on the quantification of superficial vessel density of both macular and disc region using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SSOCTA). Methods : This is a cross-sectional clinical study. Seventy-five eyes from 75 Chinese healthy participants (56 females) with a mean age of 26.6±6.8 (range 19-50) years were included in this study. All eyes were imaged with SSOCTA, using a 3×3mm scan pattern centered on the macular and optic disc respectively, and the superficial layer was used for evaluation. The image size was corrected with AL using Bennett ...

Purpose : To report a new method to analyze sagittal images of the upper eyelid by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Methods : Ninety subjects equally divided into young (20–39 years), middle age (40–59 years), and elderly (60–79 years) group were studied. A sagittal image of the upper eyelid was obtained by AS-OCT (CASIA2, Tomey, Japan) and the following parameters were determined: upper eyelid thickness (UET), the distance between two parallel lines tangential to the apexes of the cornea and the upper eyelid; the upper eyelid angle (UEA) was the angle formed by a line running tangential to ...

Purpose : To evaluate artifacts in OCT-A images of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls. Materials and Methods : This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Neurology and the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Subjects included patients with an established diagnosis of MS and healthy volunteers. OCT-A was performed using Spectralis® OCT-A prototype, OCT2 (Heidelberg, Germany). The type and frequency of artifacts, the clinical factors associated with them, and their impact on vessel density measurements were assessed. Results : Overall, 385 images from 102 participants were analyzed. The majority of images (97.1%) had some degree ...

Introduction : Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune neuroinflammatory condition in young adults. It is often accompanied by optic neuritis (ON) and retinal neuro-axonal damage causing visual disturbances. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a sensitive non-invasive method for quantifying intraretinal layer volumes. Recently, OCT not only showed to be a reliable marker for ON-associated damage, but also proved its high prognostic value for functional outcome and disability accrual in patients with MS. Consequently, OCT is discussed as a potential marker for monitoring disease severity and therapeutic response in individual patients. Areas covered : This article summarizes our current understanding ...

Purpose : To study the role of Optical coherence tomography (OCT) Angiography (OCTA) in detecting retinal vascular and macular abnormalities as compared to Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) in subjects with Asteroid hyalosis (AH). Methods : In a prospective study, patients with AH underwent OCTA and FFA. AH graded as Grade 1 in 8 (optic disc, second order vessels visible), Grade 2 in 4 (optic disc, first-order vessels visible), Grade 3 in 11 (hazy view of optic disc) and Grade 4 (no view of fundus) in 2 eyes. Results : A total of 20 patients (25 eyes) with AH were included. In comparison to ...

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the multimodality imaging features of retinal cavernous hemangiomas (RCHs). Materials and Methods : The clinical data of three patients with RCH were reviewed and the imaging findings were analyzed. Results : The color photographs of the fundus showed bead-like vesicles in the retina. Some vesicles showed plasma erythrocyte separation—with plasma on the top and erythrocytes at the bottom—which was consistently detected as high spontaneous fluorescence on fundus fluorescence angiography. Other vesicles were surrounded by thick walls and fibrous tissue, showing high spontaneous fluorescence, although they did not show any changes on ...

Purpose : The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare both the vessel density of macular capillary plexuses and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas of patients receiving hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy for more than 5 years while using age- and sex- matched controls. Methods : The patients undergoing HCQ who were screened for toxic effects were evaluated. The FAZ parameters included the area, perimeter, and the acircularity index. The foveal density and vessel density values of both the superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexuses (DCP) were measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Results : This study included 80 eyes of 40 ...