In this study, an organic nano-drug delivery platform was constructed as a biocompatible cancer chemotherapeutic system, in which clini-cally approved sorafenib was loaded in the redox-responsive polymeric micelles, enabling dose-control release of drug to cancer tissues. In addition, visualizing tumor microenvironment changes is also essential for cancer chemotherapy, which can provide a priori and feedback control of drug delivery with reduced side effect. Therefore, second near-infrared window (NIR-II) dual-modal optical coherence tomogra-phy (OCT) and photoacoustic imaging were performed for real-time visualizing tumor microenvironment changes in vivo during chemo-therapy. In particular, the tumor angiogenesis, the vascular networks density change, and the ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained wide adoption in biological research and medical imaging due to its exceptional tissue penetration, 3D imaging speed and rich contrast. However, OCT plays a relatively small role in molecular and cellular imaging due to the lack of suitable biomolecular contrast agents. In particular, while the green fluorescent protein has provided revolutionary capabilities to fluorescence microscopy by connecting it to cellular functions such as gene expression, no equivalent reporter gene is currently available for OCT. Here we introduce gas vesicles, a class of naturally evolved gas-filled protein nanostructures, as genetically encodable OCT contrast agents. The ...

Developing contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques is important for specific imaging of tissue lesions, molecular imaging, cell-tracking, and highly sensitive microangiography and lymphangiography. Multiplexed OCT imaging in the second near infrared (NIR-II) window is highly desirable since it allows simultaneous imaging and tracking of multiple biological events in high resolution with deeper tissue penetration in vivo . Here we demonstrate that gold nanobipyramids can function as OCT multiplexing contrast agents, allowing high-resolution imaging of two separate lymphatic flows occurring simultaneously from different drainage basins into the same lymph node in a live mouse. Contrast-enhanced multiplexed lymphangiography of a melanoma tumor ...

By their nature, tumors pose a set of profound challenges to the immune system with respect to cellular recognition and response coordination. Recent research indicates that leukocyte subpopulations, especially tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), can exert substantial influence on the efficacy of various cancer immunotherapy treatment strategies. To better study and understand the roles of TAMs in determining immunotherapeutic outcomes, significant technical challenges associated with dynamically monitoring single cells of interest in relevant live animal models of solid tumors must be overcome. However, imaging techniques with the requisite combination of spatiotemporal resolution, cell-specific contrast, and sufficient signal-to-noise at increasing depths in tissue ...

Magnetic/plasmonic hybrid nanoparticles are highly desirable for multimodal bioimaging and biosensing. Although the synthesis of heterodimeric nanoparticles has been reported, the products are usually hydrophobic so that post-treatment procedures are required to transfer them into water, which are often difficult to perform and cause damages to the structures. Direct synthesis of hydrophilic hybrid nanostructures has remained a grand challenge albeit its immediate advantage of biocompatibility. Herein we report a general seed-mediated approach to the synthesis of hydrophilic and biocompatible M-Fe 3 O 4 (M=Au, Ag and Pd) heterodimers, in which the size of metals and Fe 3 O ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be utilized with significant speckle reduction techniques and highly-scattering contrast agents for noninvasive, contrast-enhanced imaging of living tissues at the cellular scale. The advantages of reduced speckle noise and improved targeted contrast can be harnessed to track objects as small as 2 μm in vivo, which enables applications for cell tracking and quantification in living subjects. Here we demonstrate the use of Large Gold Nanorods (LGNRs) as contrast agents for detecting individual micron-sized polystyrene beads and single myeloma cells in blood circulation using speckle modulating-OCT (SM-OCT). This report marks the first time that OCT has ...

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an important tool for investigating vascular networks and microcirculation in living tissue. Traditional OCTA detects blood vessels via intravascular dynamic scattering signals derived from the movements of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the low hematocrit and long latency between RBCs in capillaries make these OCTA signals discontinuous, leading to incomplete mapping of the vascular networks. OCTA imaging of microvascular circulation is particularly challenging in tumors due to the abnormally slow blood flow in angiogenic tumor vessels and strong attenuation of light by tumor tissue. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that gold nanoprisms (GNPRs) can ...

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of Schottky graphene/silicon photodetectors that operate at a wavelength of 2 μm. These graphene/silicon junctions are carefully characterized using electric and optical measurements over the temperature range from 280–315 K. The photodetectors show external responsivity of 0.16 mA/W at room temperature under zero bias conditions, which is in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. In addition, the device performance is discussed in terms of the noise equivalent power and operating bandwidth. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first Si-based photodetectors designed for operation in ...

Herein, we report on biological imaging nanoprobes: physically-synthesized gold nanodisks that have inherent optical advantages—a wide range of resonant wavelengths, tunable ratio of light absorption-to-scattering, and responsiveness to random incident light—due to their two-dimensional circular nanostructure. Based on our proposed physical synthesis where gold is vacuum-deposited onto a pre-patterned polymer template and released from the substrate in the form of a nanodisk, monodisperse two-dimensional gold nanodisks were prepared with independent control of their diameter and thickness. The optical benefits of the Au nanodisk were successfully demonstrated by the measurement of light absorbance of the nanodisks and the application ...

In recent years, polymeric microneedles (MNs) have attracted keen interests among researchers for their applicability in transdermal drug delivery and interstitial skin fluid (ISF) extraction. When design and characterize such devices, it is critical to monitor their real-time in vitro and in vivo performances to optimize the desired effects, yet most of the existing methods are incapable of such functions. To address this unmet need, we develop a real-time non-invasive imaging methodology by integrating iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles into polymeric MNs to enhance image contrast for micro-optical coherence tomography (µOCT) imaging. Using the Fe3O4 integrated polystyrene-block-poly (acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) MNs ...

Ozone (O 3 ) would be harmful to human skin for its strong oxidizing property, especially when stratum corneum or corneal epithelium is wounded. Imaging the penetration and distribution of ozone at depth is beneficial for studying the influence of ozone on skin or eyes. Here, we introduced a facile method for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the penetration of O 3 into the anterior chamber of an isolated crucian carp eye by using optical coherence tomography (OCT) combined with gold triangular nanoprisms (GTNPs) as the contrast agent and molecular probe. We illustrated the specific response of GTNPs to ozone and demonstrated ...

A single miniature endoscope capable of concurrently probing multiple contrast mechanisms of tissue in high resolution is highly attractive, as it makes it possible for providing complementary, more complete tissue information on internal organs hard to access. Here we describe such a miniature endoscope only 1 mm in diameter that integrates photoacoustic imaging (PAI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and ultrasound (US). The integration of PAI/OCT/US allows for high-resolution imaging of three tissue contrasts including optical absorption (PAI), optical scattering (OCT), and acoustic properties (US). We demonstrate the capabilities of this trimodal endoscope using mouse ear, human hand, and ...

The development of novel tools for studying the fouling behavior during membrane processes is critical. This work explored optical coherence tomography (OCT) to quantitatively interpret the formation of a cake layer during a membrane process; the quantitative analysis was based on a novel image processing method that was able to precisely resolve the 3D structure of the cake layer on a micron scale. Fouling experiments were carried out with foulants having different physicochemical characteristics (silica nanoparticles and bentonite particles). The cake layers formed at a series of times were digitalized using the OCT-based characterization. The specific deposit (cake volume/membrane ...

Mechanical and structural properties of biofilms influence the accumulation and release of pathogens in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Thus, understanding how long-term residual disinfectants exposure affects biofilm mechanical and structural properties is a necessary aspect for pathogen risk assessment and control. In this study, elastic modulus and structure of groundwater biofilms was monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) during three months of exposure to monochloramine or free chlorine. After the first month of disinfectant exposure, the mean stiffness of monochloramine or free chlorine treated biofilms was 4 to 9 times higher than those before ...

Gold nanorods (GNRs, ~50 x 15 nm) have been used ubiquitously in biomedicine for their optical properties, and many biofunctionalization methods have been described for them. Recently, the synthesis of larger-than-usual GNRs (LGNRs, ~100 x 30 nm) has been demonstrated. However, LGNRs have not been biofunctionalized and therefore remain absent from biomedical literature to date. Here we report the first biofunctionalization of LGNRs, resulting in highly stable particles with a narrow spectral peak (FWHM ~100 nm). We further demonstrated that functionalized LGNRs can be used as highly sensitive contrast agents for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), visualizing individual LGNRs in clear ...

Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) could exacerbate the persistence and associated risks of pathogenic Legionella pneumophila, thus raising human health concerns. However, mechanisms controlling adhesion and subsequent detachment of L. pneumophila associated with biofilms remain unclear. We determined the connection between L. pneumophila adhesion and subsequent detachment with biofilm physical structure characterization using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging technique. Analysis of the OCT images of multi-species biofilms grown under low nutrient condition up to 29 weeks revealed the lack of biofilm deformation even when these biofilms were exposed to flow velocity of 0.7 m/s, typical flow ...

Fouling control is one of the critical issues in membrane filtration and plays a very important role in water/wastewater treatment. Better understanding of the underlying fouling mechanisms entails novel characterization techniques that can realize a real-time non-invasive observation and provide high resolution images recording the formation of a fouling layer . This work presents a characterization method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is able to detect the internal structures and motions by analyzing the interference signals. An OCT system was incorporated with a lab-scale membrane filtration system, and the growth of the fouling layer was observed by using ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a low-coherence interferometric imaging method which was developed in the 1990s prevalently in the area of biomedical diagnostics. (1) It generates depth scans of samples in a contact-free, nondestructive manner. Having become a standard method for ophthalmologic examinations, (2, 3) within the past decade also applications outside the medical field were found, as summarized in a recent review (4) and with a special focus put on polymer science: in contrast to biological tissues, polymers usually do not contain water and therefore also light in the near-infrared (NIR) region, which otherwise would be absorbed, can be ...

The lack of an effective technique for three-dimensional flow visualization has limited the experimental exploration of the “coffee ring effect” to the two dimensional, top-down viewpoint. In this report, high-speed, cross-sectional imaging of the flow fields was obtained by using optical coherence tomography to track particle motion in an evaporating colloidal water drop. This approach enables z-dimensional mapping of primary and secondary flow fields and changes in these fields over time. These sectional images show that 1μm diameter polystyrene particles have a highly non-uniform vertical distribution with particles accumulating at both the air-water interface and water-glass interface during drop ...

We investigated the feasibility of constructing an implantable optical-based sensor for seminoninvasive continuous monitoring of analytes. In this novel sensor, analyte concentration-dependent changes induced in the degree of optical turbidity of the sensing element can be accurately monitored by optical coherence tomography (OCT), an interferometric technique. To demonstrate proof-of-concept, we engineered a sensor for monitoring glucose concentration that enabled us to quantitatively monitor the glucose-specific changes induced in bulk scattering (turbidity) of the sensor. The sensor consists of a glucose-permeable membrane housing that contains a suspension of macroporous hydrogel particles and concanavalin A (ConA), a glucose-specific lectin, that are designed ...